SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

</head>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Clef_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Clef (disambiguation)">Clef (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Cleft_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cleft (disambiguation)">cleft</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Clé" redirects here. For other uses of "Cle", see <a href="Cle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cle (disambiguation)">Cle (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

</p>

<p>A <b>clef</b> (from French: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">clef</i></span> 'key') is a <a href="Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical symbol</a> used to indicate which <a href="Musical_note" title="Musical note">notes</a> are represented by the lines and spaces on a musical <a href="Staff_(music)" title="Staff (music)">staff</a>. Placing a clef on a staff assigns a particular pitch to one of the five lines or four spaces, which defines the pitches on the remaining lines and spaces.

</p><p>The three clef symbols used in modern music notation are the <a href="#G-clefs">G-clef</a>, <a href="#F-clefs">F-clef</a>, and <a href="#C-clefs">C-clef</a>. Placing these clefs on a line fixes a reference note to that line—an F-clef fixes the F below <a href="Middle_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle C">middle C</a>, a C-clef fixes middle C, and a G-clef fixes the G above middle C. In modern music notation, the G-clef is most frequently seen as treble clef (placing <a href="Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">G<sub>4</sub></a> on the second line of the staff), and the F-clef as bass clef (placing F<sub>3</sub> on the fourth line). The C-clef is mostly encountered as alto clef (placing middle C on the third line) or tenor clef (middle C on the fourth line). A clef may be placed on a space instead of a line, but this is rare.

</p><p>The use of different clefs makes it possible to write music for all instruments and voices, regardless of differences in <a href="Tessitura" title="Tessitura">range</a>. Using different clefs for different instruments and voices allows each part to be written comfortably on a staff with a minimum of ledger lines. To this end, the G-clef is used for high parts, the C-clef for middle parts, and the F-clef for low parts. <a href="Transposing_instrument" title="Transposing instrument">Transposing instruments</a> can be an exception to this—the same clef is generally used for all instruments in a family, regardless of their sounding pitch. For example, even the low <a href="Saxophone" title="Saxophone">saxophones</a> read in treble clef.

</p><p>A symmetry exists surrounding middle C regarding the F-, C- and G-clefs. C-clef defines middle C whereas G-clef and F-clef define the note at the interval of a fifth above middle C and below middle C, respectively.

</p><p>Common <a href="Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonics</a> for the notes on treble clef:

</p>

<dl><dd><ul><li><i> <b>E</b>very <b>G</b>ood <b>B</b>oy <b>D</b>oes <b>F</b>ine</i> (lines)</li>

<li><i> <b>F</b> <b>A</b> <b>C</b> <b>E</b> </i> (spaces)</li></ul></dd></dl>

<p>For bass clef:

</p>

<dl><dd><ul><li><i> <b>G</b>ood <b>B</b>oys <b>D</b>o <b>F</b>ine <b>A</b>lways<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> (lines)</li>

<li><i> <b>A</b>ll <b>C</b>ows <b>E</b>at <b>G</b>rass</i> (spaces)</li></ul></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Placement_on_the_staff">Placement on the staff</h2></div>

<p>Theoretically, any clef may be placed on any line. With five lines on the staff and three clefs, there are fifteen possibilities for clef placement. Six of these are redundant because they result in an identical assignment of the notes—for example, a G-clef on the third line yields the same note placement as a C-clef on the bottom line. Thus there are nine possible distinct clefs when limiting their placement to the lines. All have been used historically: the G-clef on the two bottom lines, the F-clef on the three top lines, and the C-clef on the four bottom lines. The C-clef on the topmost line has also been used, but is equivalent to the F-clef on the third line, giving a total of ten historically attested clefs placed on the lines. In addition, the C-clef has been used on the third <i>space</i>, i.e. not on a line at all. This is equivalent to the more common <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Octave_clefs">suboctave treble clef</a>.

</p><p>The ten clefs placed on lines (two are equivalent) have different names based on the <a href="Tessitura" title="Tessitura">tessitura</a> for which they are best suited.

</p>

<p>In modern music, only four clefs are used regularly: <a href="#Treble_clef">treble clef</a>, <a href="#bass_clef">bass clef</a>, <a href="#alto_clef">alto clef</a>, and <a href="#tenor_clef">tenor clef</a>. Of these, the treble and bass clefs are by far the most common. The tenor clef is used for the upper register of several instruments that usually use bass clef (including <a href="Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>, <a href="Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a>, and <a href="Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a>), while the alto is most prominently used by the <a href="Viola" title="Viola">viola</a>. Music for instruments and voices that <a href="Transposing_instrument" title="Transposing instrument">transpose</a> at the octave is generally written at the transposed pitch, but is sometimes seen written at concert pitch using an <a href="#Octave_clefs">octave clef</a>.

</p>

<th>Clef

</th>

<th>Name

</th>

<th>Note

</th>

<th>Note Location

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>G-clef or Treble-clef

</td>

</td>

<td>On the line that passes through the curl of the clef

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>C-clef

</td>

<td>C<sub>4</sub> (<a href="Middle_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle C">Middle C</a>)

</td>

<td>On the line that passes through the centre of the clef

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>F-clef or Bass-clef

</td>

</td>

<td>On the line that passes between the two dots of the clef

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Individual_clefs">Individual clefs</h2></div>

<p>This section shows a complete list of the clefs, along with a list of instruments and voice parts notated with them. A <a href="Dagger_(mark)" title="Dagger (mark)">dagger (†)</a> after the name of a clef indicates that the clef is no longer in common use.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="G-clefs">G-clefs</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treble_clef"> Treble clef</h4></div>

<p>The only G-clef still in use is the <a href="Treble_(sound)" title="Treble (sound)">treble</a> clef, with the G-clef placed on the second line. This is the most common clef in use and is generally the first clef learned by music students.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, the terms "G-clef" and "treble clef" are often seen as synonymous. The treble clef was historically used to mark a treble, or pre-pubescent, voice part.

</p><p>Instruments that use the treble clef include <a href="Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>, <a href="Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>, <a href="Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a>, <a href="Cor_anglais" title="Cor anglais">cor anglais</a>, all <a href="Clarinets" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarinets">clarinets</a>, all <a href="Saxophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxophones">saxophones</a>, <a href="French_horn" title="French horn">horn</a>, <a href="Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpet</a>, <a href="Cornet" title="Cornet">cornet</a>, <a href="Vibraphone" title="Vibraphone">vibraphone</a>, <a href="Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophone</a>, <a href="Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a>, <a href="Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorder</a>, <a href="Bagpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagpipe">bagpipe</a> and <a href="Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a>. <a href="Euphonium" title="Euphonium">Euphonium</a> and <a href="Baritone_horn" title="Baritone horn">baritone horn</a> are sometimes treated as transposing instruments, using the treble clef and sounding a major ninth lower, and are sometimes treated as concert-pitch instruments, using bass clef. The treble clef is also the upper staff of the <a href="Grand_staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand staff">grand staff</a> used for <a href="Harp" title="Harp">harp</a> and <a href="Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard instruments</a>. Most high parts for bass-clef instruments (e.g. <a href="Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>, <a href="Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a>, <a href="Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a>, and <a href="Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a>) are written in the tenor clef, but very high pitches may be notated in the treble clef. The <a href="Viola" title="Viola">viola</a> also may use the treble clef for very high notes. The treble clef is used for the <a href="Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a>, <a href="Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a>, <a href="Alto" title="Alto">alto</a>, <a href="Contralto" title="Contralto">contralto</a> and <a href="Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> voices. Tenor voice parts sound an octave lower and are often written using an octave clef (see below) or a double-treble clef.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_violin_clef†">French violin clef<sup>†</sup></h4></div>

<p>A G-clef placed on the first line is called the French clef, or French violin clef. It was used in France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries for violin music and flute music.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It places the notes in the same staff positions as the bass clef, but two octaves higher.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="F-clefs">F-clefs</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baritone_clef†">Baritone clef<sup>†</sup></h4></div>

<p>When the F-clef is placed on the third line, it is called the baritone clef. Baritone clef was used for the left hand of keyboard music (particularly in France; see <a href="Bauyn_manuscript" title="Bauyn manuscript">Bauyn manuscript</a>) and for baritone parts in vocal music. A C-clef on the fifth line creates a staff with identical notes to the baritone clef, but this variant is rare.

</p>

<p>The only F-clef still in use is the bass clef, with the clef placed on the fourth line. Since it is the only F-clef commonly encountered, the terms "F-clef" and "bass clef" are often regarded as synonymous.

</p><p>Bass clef is used for the <a href="Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>, <a href="Bass_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass (instrument)">double bass and bass guitar</a>, <a href="Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a> and <a href="Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">contrabassoon</a>, <a href="Bass_recorder" title="Bass recorder">bass recorder</a>, <a href="Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a>, <a href="Tuba" title="Tuba">tuba</a>, and <a href="Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a>. It is used for <a href="Baritone_horn" title="Baritone horn">baritone horn</a> or <a href="Euphonium" title="Euphonium">euphonium</a> when their parts are written at concert pitch, and sometimes for the lowest notes of the <a href="French_horn" title="French horn">horn</a>. <a href="Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a> and <a href="Bass_(vocal_range)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass (vocal range)">bass</a> voices also use bass clef, and the <a href="Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> voice is notated in bass clef if the tenor and bass are written on the same staff. Bass clef is the bottom clef in the <a href="Grand_staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand staff">grand staff</a> for <a href="Harp" title="Harp">harp</a> and <a href="Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard instruments</a>. Double bass, bass guitar, and contrabassoon sound an octave lower than the written pitch; some scores show an "8" beneath the clef for these instruments to differentiate from instruments that sound at the actual written pitch (see "Octave clefs" below).

</p>

<p>When the F-clef is placed on the fifth line, it is called the sub-bass clef. It was used by <a href="Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Johannes Ockeghem</a> and <a href="Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a> to write low bass parts, by <a href="Monsieur_de_Sainte-Colombe" title="Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe">Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe</a> for low notes on the bass viol, and by <a href="J._S._Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="J. S. Bach">J. S. Bach</a> in his <i><a href="The_Musical_Offering" title="The Musical Offering">Musical Offering</a></i>.

</p><p>It is the same as the treble clef, but two octaves lower.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C-clefs">C-clefs</h3></div>

<p>A C-clef on the third line of the staff is called the alto or viola clef. It is currently used for <a href="Viola" title="Viola">viola</a>, <a href="Viola_d'amore" title="Viola d'amore">viola d'amore</a>, <a href="Alto_trombone" title="Alto trombone">alto trombone</a>, <a href="Viola_da_gamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Viola da gamba">viola da gamba</a>, and <a href="Mandola" title="Mandola">mandola</a>. It is also associated with the <a href="Countertenor" title="Countertenor">countertenor</a> voice and sometimes called the countertenor clef.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A vestige of this survives in <a href="Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>'s use of the clef for the <a href="Cor_anglais" title="Cor anglais">cor anglais</a> in his symphonies. It occasionally appears in keyboard music (for example, in <a href="Brahms" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahms">Brahms</a>'s <a href="Eleven_Chorale_Preludes" title="Eleven Chorale Preludes">Organ Chorales</a> and <a href="John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>'s <i>Dream</i> for <a href="Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>). It was originally used for <a href="Alto" title="Alto">alto</a> parts in choral music to reduce the number of <a href="Ledger_line" title="Ledger line">ledger lines</a> needed, since much of the alto range is between treble and bass clef. Alto parts are now commonly written in treble clef instead.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tenor_clef"> Tenor clef</h4></div>

<p>A C-clef on the fourth line of the staff is called tenor clef. It is used for the <a href="Viola_da_gamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Viola da gamba">viola da gamba</a> (rarely, and mostly in German scores; otherwise the alto clef is used) and for upper ranges of bass-clef instruments such as the bassoon, cello, euphonium, double bass, and <a href="Tenor_trombone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenor trombone">tenor trombone</a>. Treble clef may also be used for the upper extremes of these bass-clef instruments. <a href="Tenor_violin" title="Tenor violin">Tenor violin</a> parts were also written in this clef (see e.g. <a href="Giovanni_Battista_Vitali" title="Giovanni Battista Vitali">Giovanni Battista Vitali</a>'s Op. 11). It was used by the tenor part in <a href="Vocal_music" title="Vocal music">vocal music</a> but its use has been largely supplanted either with an octave version of the treble clef or with bass clef when tenor and bass parts are written on a single staff.

</p>

<p>Another tenor clef variant, formerly used in music for <a href="TTBB" title="TTBB">male chorus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has a ladder-like shape. This C-clef places the C on the third space of the staff, and is equivalent to the <a href="#Octave_clefs">sub-octave treble clef</a>. See also <a href="#History">History</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mezzo-soprano_clef†">Mezzo-soprano clef<sup>†</sup></h4></div>

<p>A C-clef on the second line of the staff is called the mezzo-soprano clef, rarely used in modern Western classical music. It was used in 17th century French orchestral music for the second viola or first tenor part ('taille') by such composers as Lully, and for mezzo-soprano voices in operatic roles, notably by <a href="Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mezzo-soprano clef was also used for certain flute parts during renaissance, especially when doubling vocal lines.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani music</a>, the <a href="Tar_(Azerbaijani_instrument)" title="Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)">tar</a> uses this clef.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soprano_clef†">Soprano clef<sup>†</sup></h4></div>

<p>A C-clef on the first line of the staff is called the soprano clef. It was used for the right hand of keyboard music (particularly in France – see <a href="Bauyn_manuscript" title="Bauyn manuscript">Bauyn manuscript</a>), in vocal music for sopranos, and sometimes for high <a href="Viol" title="Viol">viola da gamba</a> parts along with the alto clef. It was used for the second violin part ('haute-contre') in 17th century French music.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_clefs">Other clefs</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Octave_clefs">Octave clefs</h3></div>

<p>Starting in the 18th century, music for some instruments (such as <a href="Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a>) and for the tenor voice have used treble clef, although they sound an octave lower. To avoid ambiguity, modified clefs are sometimes used, especially in <a href="Choir" title="Choir">choral</a> writing. Using a C-clef on the third space places the notes identically, but this notation is much less common<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it is easily confused with the <a href="#Alto_clef">alto</a> and <a href="#Tenor_clef">tenor clefs</a>.

</p><p>Such a modified treble clef is most often found in tenor parts in <a href="SATB" title="SATB">SATB</a> settings, using a treble clef with the numeral <i>8</i> below it. This indicates that the pitches sound an octave lower. As the true tenor clef has fallen into disuse in vocal writings, this "octave-dropped" treble clef is often called the tenor clef. The same clef is sometimes used for the <a href="Octave_mandolin" title="Octave mandolin">octave mandolin</a>. This can also be indicated with two overlapping G-clefs.

</p><p>Tenor banjo is commonly notated in treble clef. However, notation varies between the written pitch sounding an octave lower (as in guitar music and called octave pitch in most tenor banjo methods) and music sounding at the written pitch (called actual pitch). An attempt has been made to use a treble clef with a diagonal line through the upper half of the clef to indicate octave pitch, but this is not always used.

</p><p>To indicate that notes sound an octave higher than written, a treble clef with an <i>8</i> positioned above the clef may be used for <a href="Penny_whistle" class="mw-redirect" title="Penny whistle">penny whistle</a>, <a href="Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Sheet_music_notation" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">soprano and sopranino recorder</a>, and other high woodwind parts. A treble clef with a <i>15</i> above (sounding two octaves above the standard treble clef) is used for the <a href="Garklein_recorder" title="Garklein recorder">garklein (sopranissimo) recorder</a>.

</p><p>An F-clef can also be notated with an octave marker. While the F-clef notated to sound an octave lower can be used for contrabass instruments such as the <a href="Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a> and <a href="Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">contrabassoon</a>, and the F-clef notated to sound an octave higher can be used for the bass recorder, these uses are extremely rare. In Italian scores up to <a href="Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a>'s <a href="William_Tell_Overture" title="William Tell Overture">Overture to <i>William Tell</i></a>, the cor anglais was written in bass clef an octave lower than sounding.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unmodified bass clef is so common that performers of instruments whose ranges lie below the staff simply learn to read ledger lines.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutral_clef">Neutral clef</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Percussion_notation" title="Percussion notation">Percussion notation</a></div>

<p>The <i>neutral</i> or <i>percussion</i> clef is not a true clef like the F, C, and G clefs. Rather, it assigns different unpitched <a href="Percussion_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion instruments">percussion instruments</a> to the lines and spaces of the staff. With the exception of some common drum-kit and marching percussion layouts, the assignment of lines and spaces to instruments is not standardised, so a legend is required to show which instrument each line or space represents. <a href="Pitched_percussion_instrument" title="Pitched percussion instrument">Pitched percussion instruments</a> do not use this clef — <a href="Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a> are notated in bass clef and <a href="Mallet_percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallet percussion">mallet percussion</a> instruments are noted in treble clef or on a <a href="Grand_staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand staff">grand staff</a>.

</p><p>If the neutral clef is used for a single percussion instrument the staff may only have one line, although other configurations are used.

</p><p>The neutral clef is sometimes used where non-percussion instruments play non-pitched extended techniques, such as hitting the body of a string instrument, or having a vocal choir clap, stamp, or snap. However, it is more common to write the rhythms using × noteheads on the instrument's normal staff, with a comment to indicate the appropriate rhythmic action.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tablature">Tablature</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Guitar_tablature" class="mw-redirect" title="Guitar tablature">Guitar tablature</a></div>

<p>For guitars and other fretted instruments, it is possible to notate <a href="Tablature" title="Tablature">tablature</a> in place of ordinary notes. This TAB sign is not a clef — it does not indicate the placement of notes on a staff. The lines shown are not a music staff but rather represent the strings of the instrument (six lines would be used for guitar, four lines for the bass guitar, etc.), with numbers on the lines showing which fret, if any, should be used and symbols for specific techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Before the advent of clefs, the reference line of a staff was simply labeled with the name of the note it was intended to bear: <i>F</i>, <i>C</i>, or sometimes <i>G</i>. These were the most common 'clefs', or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">litterae clavis</i></span> (key-letters), in Gregorian chant notation. Over time the shapes of these letters became stylised, leading to their current versions.

</p><p>Many other clefs were used, particularly in the early period of chant notation, keyed to many different notes, from the low <i>Γ</i> (<i>gamma</i>, the G on the bottom line of the bass clef) to the G above middle C (written with a small letter <i>g</i>). These included two different lowercase <i>b</i> symbols for the note just below middle C: round for B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, and square for B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-natural">♮</span></span>. In order of frequency of use, these clefs were: <i>F</i>, <i>c</i>, <i>f</i>, <i>C</i>, <i>D</i>, <i>a</i>, <i>g</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>Γ</i>, <i>B</i>, and the round and square <i>b</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later medieval music, the round <i>b</i> was often written in addition to another clef letter to indicate that B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> rather than B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-natural">♮</span></span> was to be used throughout a piece; this is the origin of the <a href="Key_signature" title="Key signature">key signature</a>.

</p>

<p>In the <a href="Polyphonic_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphonic Era">polyphonic period</a> up to 1600, unusual clefs were occasionally used for parts with extremely high or low tessituras. For very low bass parts, the Γ clef is found on the middle, fourth, or fifth lines of the staff (e.g., in <a href="Pierre_de_La_Rue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre de La Rue">Pierre de La Rue</a>'s <i>Requiem</i> and in a mid-16th-century dance book published by the Hessen brothers); for very high parts, the high-D clef (<i>d</i>), and the even higher <i>ff</i> clef (e.g., in the <i><a href="Mulliner_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulliner Book">Mulliner Book</a></i>) were used to represent the notes written on the fourth and top lines of the treble clef, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The practice of using different shapes for the same clef persisted until very recent times. The F-clef was, until as late as the 1980s in some cases (such as hymnals), or in British and French publications, written like this: <span typeof="mw:File"></span>

</p><p>In printed music from the 16th and 17th centuries, the C clef often assumed a ladder-like form, in which the two horizontal rungs surround the staff line indicated as C: <span typeof="mw:File"></span>; this form survived in some printed editions (see this example, written in <a href="TTBB" title="TTBB">four-part men's harmony</a> and positioned to make it equivalent to an octave G clef) into the 20th century.

</p><p>The C-clef was formerly written in a more angular way, sometimes still used, or, more often, as a simplified <i>K</i>-shape when writing the clef by hand: <span typeof="mw:File"></span>

</p><p>In modern Gregorian chant notation the C clef is written (on a four-line staff) in the form <span typeof="mw:File"></span> and the F clef as <span typeof="mw:File"></span>

</p><p>The flourish at the top of the G-clef probably derives from a cursive <i>S</i> for "sol", the name for "G" in <a href="Solfege" class="mw-redirect" title="Solfege">solfege</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>C clefs (along with G, F, Γ, D, and A clefs) were formerly used to notate vocal music. Nominally, the soprano voice parts were written in first- or second-line C clef (<i>soprano clef</i> or <i>mezzo-soprano clef</i>) or second-line G clef (<i>treble clef</i>), the alto or tenor voices in third-line C clef (<i>alto clef</i>), the tenor voice in fourth-line C clef (<i>tenor clef</i>) and the bass voice in third-, fourth- or fifth-line F clef (<i>baritone</i>, <i>bass</i>, or <i>sub-bass clef</i>).

</p><p>Until the 19th century, the most common arrangement for vocal music used the following clefs:

</p>

<ul><li>Soprano = soprano clef (first-line C clef)</li>

<li>Alto = alto clef (third-line C clef)</li>

<li>Tenor = tenor clef (fourth-line C clef)</li>

<li>Bass = bass clef (fourth-line F clef)</li></ul>

<p>In more modern publications, four-part music on parallel staffs is usually written more simply as:

</p>

<ul><li>Soprano = treble clef (second-line G clef)</li>

<li>Alto = treble clef</li>

<li>Tenor = treble clef with an <i>8</i> below <i>or</i> a double treble clef. Many pieces, particularly those from before the 21st century, use an unaltered treble clef, with the expectation the tenors will still sing an octave lower than notated.</li>

<li>Bass = bass clef (fourth-line F clef)</li></ul>

<p>This may be reduced to two staffs, the soprano and alto sharing a staff with a treble clef, and the tenor and bass sharing a staff marked with the bass clef.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_uses">Further uses</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Chiavette" title="Chiavette">Chiavette</a></div>

<p>Clef combinations played a role in the modal system toward the end of the 16th century, and it has been suggested certain clef combinations in the polyphonic music of 16th-century vocal polyphony are reserved for authentic (odd-numbered) modes, and others for plagal (even-numbered) modes,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the precise implications have been the subject of much scholarly debate.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Reading music as if it were in a different clef from the one indicated can be an aid in <a href="Sight_transposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight transposition">transposing music at sight</a> since it will move the pitches roughly in parallel to the written part. Key signatures and accidentals need to be accounted for when this is done.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Unicode">In Unicode</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<p>For use with computer systems, the <a href="Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a> has created <a href="Code_point" title="Code point">code points</a> for twelve different clef symbols as part of a repertoire called the <a href="Musical_Symbols_(Unicode_block)" title="Musical Symbols (Unicode block)">"Musical Symbols" block</a>. Although much of the list was established by 1999, general provision of these symbols in common <a href="Computer_font" title="Computer font">computer fonts</a> remains rather limited.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clef symbols provided are these:

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><span class="monospaced">U+01D11E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝄞</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+01D11F</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝄟</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF OTTAVA ALTA</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+01D120</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝄠</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF OTTAVA BASSA</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+01D121</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝄡</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MUSICAL SYMBOL C CLEF</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+01D122</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝄢</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MUSICAL SYMBOL F CLEF</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+01D123</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝄣</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MUSICAL SYMBOL F CLEF OTTAVA ALTA</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+01D124</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝄤</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MUSICAL SYMBOL F CLEF OTTAVA BASSA</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+01D125</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝄥</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MUSICAL SYMBOL DRUM CLEF-1</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+01D126</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝄦</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MUSICAL SYMBOL DRUM CLEF-2</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+01D1D0</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝇐</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MUSICAL SYMBOL GREGORIAN C CLEF</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+01D1D1</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝇑</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MUSICAL SYMBOL GREGORIAN F CLEF</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+01D1DE</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝇞</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MUSICAL SYMBOL KIEVAN C CLEF</span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suitable fonts include <a href="Noto_fonts" title="Noto fonts">Noto</a> Music.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/Every+Good+Boy+Does+Fine">Every Good Boy Does Fine – What does EGBDF stand for?</a></span>

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFGreer2003" class="citation journal cs1">Greer, Amy (2003). "In Praise of Those Grass-Eating Cows". <i><a href="American_Music_Teacher" class="mw-redirect" title="American Music Teacher">American Music Teacher</a></i>. <b>53</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">22–</span>25. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43547681">43547681</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dolmetsch.com/musictheory14.htm">"Dolmetsch Online – Music Theory Online – Other Clefs"</a>. <i>www.dolmetsch.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore 1876, 176; Dolmetsch Organisation 2011.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBen2020" class="citation web cs1">Ben (30 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musictheoryacademy.com/how-to-read-sheet-music/alto-clef/">"Alto Clef"</a>. <i>Music Theory Academy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlood" class="citation web cs1">Blood, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dolmetsch.com/musictheory14.htm">"Other Clefs"</a>. <i>Dolmetsch Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1989" class="citation journal cs1">Curtis, Alan (1 April 1989). "La Poppea Impasticciata or, Who Wrote the Music to La Poppea Impasticciata (1643)?". <i><a href="Journal_of_the_American_Musicological_Society" title="Journal of the American Musicological Society">Journal of the American Musicological Society</a></i>. <b>42</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>54. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F831417">10.2307/831417</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0139">0003-0139</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/831417">831417</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1975" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Bernard (1975). "The Renaissance Flute". <i><a href="Early_Music_(journal)" title="Early Music (journal)">Early Music</a></i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>10. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fearlyj%2F3.1.2">10.1093/earlyj/3.1.2</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3125300">3125300</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There was a vogue in 20th-century Oliver Ditson Co. editions, for example <i>Master Choruses</i> selected by Smallman & Matthews (Boston 1933)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This notation is also used in the 1985 <i>Hymns of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</i> for many of the men's arrangements, i.e. Hymns <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/music/library/hymns/rise-up-o-men-of-god-mens-choir?lang=eng&showFlash=false">323</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/music/library/hymns/see-the-mighty-priesthood-gathered-mens-choir?lang=eng&showFlash=false">325–337</a></span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUltimate_Guitar2013" class="citation web cs1">Ultimate Guitar (18 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ultimate-guitar.com/lessons/for_beginners/how_to_read_tabs.html">"How to Read Tabs"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smits van Wasberghe 1951, 33.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiley 2001; P. and B. Hessen 1555.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kidson 1908, 443-44.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPowers1981" class="citation journal cs1">Powers, Harold S. (1981). "Tonal Types and Modal Categories in Renaissance Polyphony". <i><a href="Journal_of_the_American_Musicological_Society" title="Journal of the American Musicological Society">Journal of the American Musicological Society</a></i>. <b>34</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">428–</span>470. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjams.1981.34.3.03a00030">10.1525/jams.1981.34.3.03a00030</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKurtzman1994" class="citation journal cs1">Kurtzman, J. G. (1994). "Tones, Modes, Clefs, and Pitch in Roman Cyclic Magnificats of the 16th Century". <i><a href="Early_Music_(journal)" title="Early Music (journal)">Early Music</a></i>. <b>22</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">641–</span>664. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fearlyj%2Fxxii.4.641">10.1093/earlyj/xxii.4.641</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHermelink1956" class="citation journal cs1">Hermelink, S. (1956). "Zur Chiavettenfrage". <i>Musikwissenschaftlicher Kongress</i>. Vienna: <span class="nowrap">264–</span>271.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1982" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, A. (1982). "Über modus und Transposition um 1600". <i>Basler Jahrbuch für historische Musikpraxis</i>: <span class="nowrap">9–</span>43.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFParrott1984" class="citation journal cs1">Parrott, Andrew (1984). "Transposition in Monteverdi's Vespers of 1610: an "Aberration" Defended". <i><a href="Early_Music_(journal)" title="Early Music (journal)">Early Music</a></i>. <b>7</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">490–</span>516. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fearlyj%2F12.4.490">10.1093/earlyj/12.4.490</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWiering1992" class="citation journal cs1">Wiering, F. (1992). "The Waning of the Modal Ages: Polyphonic Modality in Italy, 1542–1619". <i>Ruggiero Giovannelli: Palestrina and Velletri</i>: <span class="nowrap">389–</span>419.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Norman_Del_Mar" title="Norman Del Mar">Del Mar, Norman</a>. 1981. <i>Anatomy of the Orchestra</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-520-04500-9</bdi> (cloth); <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-520-05062-2</bdi>.</li>

<li>Dolmetsch Organisation. 2011. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dolmetsch.com/defsc2a.htm">Counter-tenor clef</a>". In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dolmetsch.com/musictheorydefs.htm">Music Dictionary Online</a> Dolmetsch Online (Accessed 23 March 2012).</li>

<li>Hessen, Paul, and Bartholomeus Hessen. 1555. <i>Viel feiner lieblicher Stucklein, spanischer, welscher, englischer, frantzösischer Composition und Tentz, uber drey hundert, mit sechsen, fünffen, und vieren, auff alle Instrument ... zusamen bracht</i>. Breslau: Crispin Scharffenberg.</li>

<li>Hiley, David. 2001. "Clef (i)". <i><a href="The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, 2nd edition, edited by <a href="Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: Macmillan.</li>

<li><a href="Frank_Kidson" title="Frank Kidson">Kidson, Frank</a>. 1908. "The Evolution of Clef Signatures." <i><a href="The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a></i> 49, no. 785 (1 July), pp. 443–444.</li>

<li>Kidson, Frank. 1909. "The Evolution of Clef Signatures" (second article). In <i>The Musical Times</i> 50, no. 793 (1 March), pp. 159–160.</li>

<li><a href="John_Weeks_Moore" title="John Weeks Moore">Moore, John Weeks</a>. 1876. <i>A Dictionary of Musical Information: Containing also a Vocabulary of Musical Terms, and a List of Modern Musical Works Published in the United States From 1640 To 1875</i>. Boston: Oliver Ditson.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Georges_Dandelot" title="Georges Dandelot">Dandelot, Georges</a>. 1999. <i>Manuel pratique pour l'étude des clefs</i>, revised by Bruno Giner and Armelle Choquard. Paris: Max Eschig.</li>

<li>Morris, R. O., and Howard Ferguson. 1931. <i>Preparatory Exercises in Score-Reading</i>. London: Oxford University Press.</li>

<li><a href="Gardner_Read" title="Gardner Read">Read, Gardner</a> (1964). <i>Music Notation: A Manual of Modern Practice</i>. Boston: Alleyn and Bacon. Second edition, Boston: Alleyn and Bacon, 1969, reprinted as <i>A Crescendo Book</i>, New York: Taplinger, 1979. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8008-5459-4</bdi> (cloth), <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8008-5453-5</bdi> (pbk).</li>

<li>Smits van Waesberghe, Jos. 1951. "The Musical Notation of Guido of Arezzo". <i><a href="American_Institute_of_Musicology#Musica_Disciplina" title="American Institute of Musicology">Musica Disciplina</a></i> 5:15–53.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clefs_(music)" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Clefs (music)">Clefs</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Musical_notation357" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Musical_notation357" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Musical notation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Staff_(music)" title="Staff (music)">Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Abbreviation_(music)" title="Abbreviation (music)">Abbreviation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dal_segno" title="Dal segno">Dal segno</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_signature" title="Key signature">Key signature</a></li>

<li><a href="Ledger_line" title="Ledger line">Ledger line</a></li>

<li><a href="Ossia" title="Ossia">Ossia</a></li>

<li><a href="Scale_(music)" title="Scale (music)">Scale</a></li>

<li><a href="Rehearsal_letter" title="Rehearsal letter">Rehearsal letter</a></li>

<li><a href="Repeat_sign" title="Repeat sign">Repeat sign</a></li>

<li><a href="Tempo" title="Tempo">Tempo</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_signature" title="Time signature">Time signature</a></li>

<li><a href="Transposition_(music)" title="Transposition (music)">Transposition</a></li>

<li><a href="Transposing_instrument" title="Transposing instrument">Transposing instrument</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Musical_note" title="Musical note">Musical notes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accidental_(music)" title="Accidental (music)">Accidental</a>

<li><a href="Natural_(music)" title="Natural (music)">natural</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharp_(music)" title="Sharp (music)">sharp</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dotted_note" title="Dotted note">Dotted note</a></li>

<li><a href="Grace_note" title="Grace note">Grace note</a></li>

<li><a href="Note_value" title="Note value">Note value</a>

<li><a href="Notehead" title="Notehead">Notehead</a></li>

<li><a href="Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">Pitch</a></li>

<li><a href="Tacet" title="Tacet">Tacet</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuplet" title="Tuplet">Tuplet</a></li>

<li><a href="Tremolo" title="Tremolo">Tremolo</a></li>

<li><a href="Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">Interval</a></li>

<li><a href="Helmholtz_pitch_notation" title="Helmholtz pitch notation">Helmholtz pitch notation</a></li>

<li><a href="Letter_notation" title="Letter notation">Letter notation</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">Scientific pitch notation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Articulation_(music)" title="Articulation (music)">Articulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accent_(music)" title="Accent (music)">Accent</a></li>

<li><a href="Caesura" title="Caesura">Caesura</a></li>

<li><a href="Damping_(music)" title="Damping (music)">Damping</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">Dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Fermata" title="Fermata">Fermata</a></li>

<li><a href="Fingering_(music)" title="Fingering (music)">Fingering</a></li>

<li><a href="Legato" title="Legato">Legato</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcato" title="Marcato">Marcato</a></li>

<li><a href="Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">Ornament</a>

<ul><li><a href="Appoggiatura" title="Appoggiatura">Appoggiatura</a></li>

<li><a href="Glissando" title="Glissando">Glissando</a></li>

<li><a href="Grace_note" title="Grace note">Grace note</a></li>

<li><a href="Mordent" title="Mordent">Mordent</a></li>

<li><a href="Slide_(musical_ornament)" title="Slide (musical ornament)">Slide</a></li>

<li><a href="Trill_(music)" title="Trill (music)">Trill</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Portato" title="Portato">Portato</a></li>

<li><a href="Staccato" title="Staccato">Staccato</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenuto" title="Tenuto">Tenuto</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonguing" title="Tonguing">Tonguing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">Sheet music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_music_publishing" title="History of music publishing">History of music publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_engraving" title="Music engraving">Music engraving</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_publisher" title="Music publisher">Music publisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></li>

<li><a href="Chord_chart" title="Chord chart">Chord chart</a></li>

<li><a href="Chord_diagram_(music)" title="Chord diagram (music)">Chord diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Eye_music" title="Eye music">Eye music</a></li>

<li><a href="Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">Figured bass</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphic_notation_(music)" title="Graphic notation (music)">Graphic notation</a></li>

<li><a href="Lead_sheet" title="Lead sheet">Lead sheet</a></li>

<li><a href="Nashville_Number_System" title="Nashville Number System">Nashville Number System</a></li>

<li><a href="Numbered_musical_notation" title="Numbered musical notation">Numbered musical notation</a></li>

<li><a href="Klavarskribo" title="Klavarskribo">Klavarskribo</a></li>

<li><a href="Tablature" title="Tablature">Tablature</a></li>

<li><a href="Parsons_code" title="Parsons code">Parsons</a></li>

<li><a href="Percussion_notation" title="Percussion notation">Percussion notation</a></li>

<li><a href="Simplified_music_notation" title="Simplified music notation">Simplified</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_musical_notation" title="Chinese musical notation">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Ekphonetic_notation" title="Ekphonetic notation">Ekphonetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Gamelan_notation" title="Gamelan notation">Gamelan</a></li>

<li><a href="Kunkunshi" title="Kunkunshi">Kunkunshi</a></li>

<li><a href="Neume" title="Neume">Neume</a></li>

<li><a href="Swaralipi" title="Swaralipi">Swaralipi</a></li>

<li><a href="Shakuhachi_musical_notation" title="Shakuhachi musical notation">Shakuhachi</a></li>

<li><a href="Znamenny_chant#Notation" title="Znamenny chant">Znamenny</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mensural_notation" title="Mensural notation">Mensural notation</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_stand" title="Music stand">Music stand</a></li>

<li><a href="Absolute_pitch" title="Absolute pitch">Perfect pitch</a></li>

<li><a href="Sight-reading" title="Sight-reading">Sight-reading</a></li>

<li><a href="Transcription_(music)" title="Transcription (music)">Transcription</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <a href="List_of_musical_symbols" title="List of musical symbols">List of musical symbols</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category:Musical notation</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Musical_range_or_compass_and_register129" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Musical_range_or_compass_and_register129" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Musical range or compass</a> and <a href="Register_(music)" title="Register (music)">register</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">Vocal register</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Whistle_register" title="Whistle register">Whistle</a></li>

<li><a href="Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li>

<li><a href="Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">Modal</a></li>

<li><a href="Vocal_fry_register" title="Vocal fry register">Vocal fry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boy_soprano" title="Boy soprano">Boy soprano</a></li>

<li><a href="Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a>

<ul><li><a href="Coloratura_soprano" title="Coloratura soprano">Coloratura</a></li>

<li><a href="Soubrette" title="Soubrette">Soubrette</a></li>

<li><a href="Lyric_soprano" title="Lyric soprano"> Lyric</a></li>

<li><a href="Spinto_soprano" title="Spinto soprano">Spinto</a></li>

<li><a href="Dramatic_soprano" title="Dramatic soprano"> Dramatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Soprano_sfogato" title="Soprano sfogato">Soprano sfogato</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li>

<li><a href="Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a> (<a href="Alto" title="Alto">Alto</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Castrato" title="Castrato">Castrato</a></li>

<li><a href="Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sopranist" title="Sopranist">Sopranist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Haute-contre" title="Haute-contre">Haute-contre</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenore_contraltino" title="Tenore contraltino">Tenore contraltino</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenore_di_grazia" title="Tenore di grazia">Tenore di grazia</a></li>

<li><a href="Heldentenor" title="Heldentenor">Heldentenor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Baritenor" title="Baritenor">Baritenor</a></li>

<li><a href="Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a></li>

<li><a href="Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">Bass-baritone</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Basso_profondo" title="Basso profondo">Basso profondo</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Treble_(sound)" title="Treble (sound)">Treble</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a></li>

<li><a href="Extension_(music)" title="Extension (music)">Extension</a></li>

<li><a href="Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a></li>

<li><a href="Passaggio" title="Passaggio">Passaggio</a></li>

<li><a href="Pedal_tone" title="Pedal tone">Pedal tone</a></li>

<li><a href="Registration_(organ)" title="Registration (organ)">Organ registration</a></li>

<li><a href="Tessitura" title="Tessitura">Tessitura</a></li>

<li><a href="Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></li>

<li><a href="Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">Vocal range</a></li>

<li><a href="Vocal_weight" title="Vocal weight">Vocal weight</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4172065-9">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-28" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Clef&oldid=1302996814">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>